1 The Fiona User Manual

Author:

Sean Gillies, <sean.gillies@gmail.com>

Version:

Date:

Mar 08, 2024

Copyright:

This work, with the exception of code examples, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 United States License. The code examples are licensed under the BSD 3-clause license (see LICENSE.txt in the repository root).

Abstract:

Fiona is OGR’s neat, nimble, no-nonsense API. This document explains how to use the Fiona package for reading and writing geospatial data files. Python 3 is used in examples. See the README for installation and quick start instructions.

1.1 Introduction

Geographic information systems (GIS) help us plan, react to, and understand changes in our physical, political, economic, and cultural landscapes. A generation ago, GIS was something done only by major institutions like nations and cities, but it’s become ubiquitous today thanks to accurate and inexpensive global positioning systems, commoditization of satellite imagery, and open source software.

The kinds of data in GIS are roughly divided into rasters representing continuous scalar fields (land surface temperature or elevation, for example) and vectors representing discrete entities like roads and administrative boundaries. Fiona is concerned exclusively with the latter. It is a Python wrapper for vector data access functions from the GDAL/OGR library. A very simple wrapper for minimalists. It reads data records from files as GeoJSON-like mappings and writes the same kind of mappings as records back to files. That’s it. There are no layers, no cursors, no geometric operations, no transformations between coordinate systems, no remote method calls; all these concerns are left to other Python packages such as Shapely and pyproj and Python language protocols. Why? To eliminate unnecessary complication. Fiona aims to be simple to understand and use, with no gotchas.

Please understand this: Fiona is designed to excel in a certain range of tasks and is less optimal in others. Fiona trades memory and speed for simplicity and reliability. Where OGR’s Python bindings (for example) use C pointers, Fiona copies vector data from the data source to Python objects. These are simpler and safer to use, but more memory intensive. Fiona’s performance is relatively more slow if you only need access to a single record field – and of course if you just want to reproject or filter data files, nothing beats the ogr2ogr program – but Fiona’s performance is much better than OGR’s Python bindings if you want all fields and coordinates of a record. The copying is a constraint, but it simplifies programs. With Fiona, you don’t have to track references to C objects to avoid crashes, and you can work with vector data using familiar Python mapping accessors. Less worry, less time spent reading API documentation.

1.1.1 Rules of Thumb

In what cases would you benefit from using Fiona?

  • If the features of interest are from or destined for a file in a non-text format like ESRI Shapefiles, Mapinfo TAB files, etc.

  • If you’re more interested in the values of many feature properties than in a single property’s value.

  • If you’re more interested in all the coordinate values of a feature’s geometry than in a single value.

  • If your processing system is distributed or not contained to a single process.

In what cases would you not benefit from using Fiona?

  • If your data is in or destined for a JSON document you should use Python’s json or simplejson modules.

  • If your data is in a RDBMS like PostGIS, use a Python DB package or ORM like SQLAlchemy or GeoAlchemy. Maybe you’re using GeoDjango already. If so, carry on.

  • If your data is served via HTTP from CouchDB or CartoDB, etc, use an HTTP package (httplib2, Requests, etc) or the provider’s Python API.

  • If you can use ogr2ogr, do so.

1.1.2 Example

The first example of using Fiona is this: copying features (another word for record) from one file to another, adding two attributes and making sure that all polygons are facing “up”. Orientation of polygons is significant in some applications, extruded polygons in Google Earth for one. No other library (like Shapely) is needed here, which keeps it uncomplicated. There’s a coutwildrnp.zip file in the Fiona repository for use in this and other examples.

import datetime

import fiona
from fiona import Geometry, Feature, Properties


def signed_area(coords):
    """Return the signed area enclosed by a ring using the linear time
    algorithm at http://www.cgafaq.info/wiki/Polygon_Area. A value >= 0
    indicates a counter-clockwise oriented ring.
    """
    xs, ys = map(list, zip(*coords))
    xs.append(xs[1])
    ys.append(ys[1])
    return sum(xs[i] * (ys[i + 1] - ys[i - 1]) for i in range(1, len(coords))) / 2.0


with fiona.open(
    "zip+https://github.com/Toblerity/Fiona/files/11151652/coutwildrnp.zip"
) as src:

    # Copy the source schema and add two new properties.
    dst_schema = src.schema
    dst_schema["properties"]["signed_area"] = "float"
    dst_schema["properties"]["timestamp"] = "datetime"

    # Create a sink for processed features with the same format and
    # coordinate reference system as the source.
    with fiona.open(
        "example.gpkg",
        mode="w",
        layer="oriented-ccw",
        crs=src.crs,
        driver="GPKG",
        schema=dst_schema,
    ) as dst:
        for feat in src:
            # If any feature's polygon is facing "down" (has rings
            # wound clockwise), its rings will be reordered to flip
            # it "up".
            geom = feat.geometry
            assert geom.type == "Polygon"
            rings = geom.coordinates
            sa = sum(signed_area(ring) for ring in rings)

            if sa < 0.0:
                rings = [r[::-1] for r in rings]
                geom = Geometry(type=geom.type, coordinates=rings)

            # Add the signed area of the polygon and a timestamp
            # to the feature properties map.
            props = Properties.from_dict(
                **feat.properties,
                signed_area=sa,
                timestamp=datetime.datetime.now().isoformat()
            )

            dst.write(Feature(geometry=geom, properties=props))

1.2 Data Model

Discrete geographic features are usually represented in geographic information systems by records. The characteristics of records and their semantic implications are well known [Kent1978]. Among those most significant for geographic data: records have a single type, all records of that type have the same fields, and a record’s fields concern a single geographic feature. Different systems model records in different ways, but the various models have enough in common that programmers have been able to create useful abstract data models. The OGR model is one. Its primary entities are Data Sources, Layers, and Features. Features have not fields, but attributes and a Geometry. An OGR Layer contains Features of a single type (“roads” or “wells”, for example). The GeoJSON model is a bit more simple, keeping Features and substituting Feature Collections for OGR Data Sources and Layers. The term “Feature” is thus overloaded in GIS modeling, denoting entities in both our conceptual and data models.

Various formats for record files exist. The ESRI Shapefile [ESRI1998] has been, at least in the United States, the most significant of these up to about 2005 and remains popular today. It is a binary format. The shape fields are stored in one .shp file and the other fields in another .dbf file. The GeoJSON [GeoJSON] format, from 2008, proposed a human readable text format in which geometry and other attribute fields are encoded together using Javascript Object Notation [JSON]. In GeoJSON, there’s a uniformity of data access. Attributes of features are accessed in the same manner as attributes of a feature collection. Coordinates of a geometry are accessed in the same manner as features of a collection.

The GeoJSON format turns out to be a good model for a Python API. JSON objects and Python dictionaries are semantically and syntactically similar. Replacing object-oriented Layer and Feature APIs with interfaces based on Python mappings provides a uniformity of access to data and reduces the amount of time spent reading documentation. A Python programmer knows how to use a mapping, so why not treat features as dictionaries? Use of existing Python idioms is one of Fiona’s major design principles.

TL;DR

Fiona subscribes to the conventional record model of data, but provides GeoJSON-like access to the data via Python file-like and mapping protocols.

1.3 Reading Vector Data

Reading a GIS vector file begins by opening it in mode 'r' using Fiona’s open() function. It returns an opened Collection object.

>>> import fiona
>>> colxn = fiona.open("zip+https://github.com/Toblerity/Fiona/files/11151652/coutwildrnp.zip", "r")
>>> colxn
<open Collection '/vsizip/vsicurl/https://github.com/Toblerity/Fiona/files/11151652/coutwildrnp.zip:coutwildrnp', mode 'r' at 0x7f9555af8f50>
>>> collection.closed
False

Mode 'r' is the default and will be omitted in following examples.

Fiona’s Collection is like a Python file, but is iterable for records rather than lines.

>>> next(iter(colxn))
{'geometry': {'type': 'Polygon', 'coordinates': ...
>>> len(list(colxn))
67

Note that list() iterates over the entire collection, effectively emptying it as with a Python file.

>>> next(iter(colxn))
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
StopIteration
>>> len(list(colxn))
0

Seeking the beginning of the file is not supported. You must reopen the collection to get back to the beginning.

>>> colxn = fiona.open("zip+https://github.com/Toblerity/Fiona/files/11151652/coutwildrnp.zip")
>>> len(list(colxn))
67

File Encoding

The format drivers will attempt to detect the encoding of your data, but may fail. In this case, the proper encoding can be specified explicitly by using the encoding keyword parameter of fiona.open(), for example: encoding='Windows-1252'.

New in version 0.9.1.

1.3.1 Collection indexing

Features of a collection may also be accessed by index.

>>> with fiona.open("zip+https://github.com/Toblerity/Fiona/files/11151652/coutwildrnp.zip") as colxn:
...     print(colxn[1])
...
<fiona.model.Feature object at 0x7f954bfc5f50>

Note that these indices are controlled by GDAL, and do not always follow Python conventions. They can start from 0, 1 (e.g. geopackages), or even other values, and have no guarantee of contiguity. Negative indices will only function correctly if indices start from 0 and are contiguous.

New in version 1.1.6

1.3.2 Closing Files

A Collection involves external resources. There’s no guarantee that these will be released unless you explicitly close() the object or use a with statement. When a Collection is a context guard, it is closed no matter what happens within the block.

>>> try:
...     with fiona.open("zip+https://github.com/Toblerity/Fiona/files/11151652/coutwildrnp.zip") as colxn:
...         print(len(list(colxn)))
...         assert True is False
... except Exception:
...     print(colxn.closed)
...     raise
...
67
True
Traceback (most recent call last):
  ...
AssertionError

An exception is raised in the with block above, but as you can see from the print statement in the except clause colxn.__exit__() (and thereby colxn.close()) has been called.

Important

Always call close() or use with and you’ll never stumble over tied-up external resources, locked files, etc.

1.4 Format Drivers, CRS, Bounds, and Schema

In addition to attributes like those of file (name, mode, closed), a Collection has a read-only driver attribute which names the OGR format driver used to open the vector file.

>>> colxn = fiona.open("zip+https://github.com/Toblerity/Fiona/files/11151652/coutwildrnp.zip")
>>> colxn.driver
'ESRI Shapefile'

The coordinate reference system (CRS) of the collection’s vector data is accessed via a read-only crs attribute.

>>> colxn.crs
CRS.from_epsg(4326)

The fiona.crs module provides 3 functions to assist with these mappings. to_string() converts mappings to PROJ.4 strings:

>>> from fiona.crs import to_string
>>> to_string(colxn.crs)
'EPSG:4326'

from_string() does the inverse.

>>> from fiona.crs import from_string
>>> from_string("+datum=WGS84 +ellps=WGS84 +no_defs +proj=longlat")
CRS.from_epsg(4326)

from_epsg() is a shortcut to CRS mappings from EPSG codes.

>>> from fiona.crs import from_epsg
>>> from_epsg(3857)
CRS.from_epsg(3857)

No Validation

Both from_epsg() and from_string() simply restructure data, they do not ensure that the resulting mapping is a pre-defined or otherwise valid CRS in any way.

The number of records in the collection’s file can be obtained via Python’s built in len() function.

>>> len(colxn)
67

The minimum bounding rectangle (MBR) or bounds of the collection’s records is obtained via a read-only bounds attribute.

>>> colxn.bounds
(-113.56424713134766, 37.0689811706543, -104.97087097167969, 41.99627685546875)

Finally, the schema of its record type (a vector file has a single type of record, remember) is accessed via a read-only schema attribute. It has ‘geometry’ and ‘properties’ items. The former is a string and the latter is an ordered dict with items having the same order as the fields in the data file.

  >>> import pprint
>>> pprint.pprint(colxn.schema)
{'geometry': 'Polygon',
  'properties': {'AGBUR': 'str:80',
                 'AREA': 'float:24.15',
                 'FEATURE1': 'str:80',
                'FEATURE2': 'str:80',
                'NAME': 'str:80',
                  'PERIMETER': 'float:24.15',
                'STATE': 'str:80',
                'STATE_FIPS': 'str:80',
                'URL': 'str:101',
                'WILDRNP020': 'int:10'}}

1.4.1 Keeping Schemas Simple

Fiona takes a less is more approach to record types and schemas. Data about record types is structured as closely to data about records as can be done. Modulo a record’s ‘id’ key, the keys of a schema mapping are the same as the keys of the collection’s record mappings.

>>> feat = next(iter(colxn))
>>> set(feat.keys()) - set(colxn.schema.keys())
{'id'}
>>> set(feat['properties'].keys()) == set(colxn.schema['properties'].keys())
True

The values of the schema mapping are either additional mappings or field type names like ‘Polygon’, ‘float’, and ‘str’. The corresponding Python types can be found in a dictionary named fiona.FIELD_TYPES_MAP.

 >>> pprint.pprint(fiona.FIELD_TYPES_MAP)
 {'List[str]': typing.List[str],
   'bytes': <class 'bytes'>,
   'date': <class 'fiona.rfc3339.FionaDateType'>,
'datetime': <class 'fiona.rfc3339.FionaDateTimeType'>,
'float': <class 'float'>,
'int': <class 'int'>,
'int32': <class 'int'>,
'int64': <class 'int'>,
'str': <class 'str'>,
'time': <class 'fiona.rfc3339.FionaTimeType'>}

1.4.2 Field Types

In a nutshell, the types and their names are as near to what you’d expect in Python (or Javascript) as possible. Since Python 3, the ‘str’ field type may contain Unicode characters.

>>> type(feat.properties['NAME'])
<class 'str'>
>>> colxn.schema['properties']['NAME']
'str'
>>> fiona.FIELD_TYPES_MAP[colxn.schema['properties']['NAME']]
<class 'str'>

String type fields may also indicate their maximum width. A value of ‘str:25’ indicates that all values will be no longer than 25 characters. If this value is used in the schema of a file opened for writing, values of that property will be truncated at 25 characters. The default width is 80 chars, which means ‘str’ and ‘str:80’ are more or less equivalent.

Fiona provides a function to get the width of a property.

>>> from fiona import prop_width
>>> prop_width('str:25')
25
>>> prop_width('str')
80

Another function gets the proper Python type of a property.

>>> from fiona import prop_type
>>> prop_type('int')
<type 'int'>
>>> prop_type('float')
<type 'float'>
>>> prop_type('str:25')
<class 'str'>

1.4.3 Geometry Types

Fiona supports the geometry types in GeoJSON and their 3D variants. This means that the value of a schema’s geometry item will be one of the following:

  • Point

  • LineString

  • Polygon

  • MultiPoint

  • MultiLineString

  • MultiPolygon

  • GeometryCollection

  • 3D Point

  • 3D LineString

  • 3D Polygon

  • 3D MultiPoint

  • 3D MultiLineString

  • 3D MultiPolygon

  • 3D GeometryCollection

The last seven of these, the 3D types, apply only to collection schema. The geometry types of features are always one of the first seven. A ‘3D Point’ collection, for example, always has features with geometry type ‘Point’. The coordinates of those geometries will be (x, y, z) tuples.

Note that one of the most common vector data formats, Esri’s Shapefile, has no ‘MultiLineString’ or ‘MultiPolygon’ schema geometries. However, a Shapefile that indicates ‘Polygon’ in its schema may yield either ‘Polygon’ or ‘MultiPolygon’ features.

1.5 Features

A record you get from a collection is structured like a GeoJSON Feature. Fiona records are self-describing; the names of its fields are contained within the data structure and the values in the fields are typed properly for the type of record. Numeric field values are instances of type int and float, for example, not strings.

The record data has no references to the Collection from which it originates or to any other external resource. It’s entirely independent and safe to use in any way. Closing the collection does not affect the record at all.

Features are mappings, not dicts

In Fiona versions before 1.9.0 features were Python dicts, mutable and JSON serializable. Since 1.9.0 features are mappings and not immediately JSON serializable.

Instances of Feature can be converted to dicts with fiona.model.to_dict() or serialized using the json module and fiona.model.ObjectEncoder.

1.5.1 Feature Id

A feature has an id attribute. As in the GeoJSON specification, its corresponding value is a string unique within the data file.

>>> colxn = fiona.open("zip+https://github.com/Toblerity/Fiona/files/11151652/coutwildrnp.zip")
>>> feat = next(iter(colxn))
>>> feat.id
'0'

OGR Details

In the OGR model, feature ids are long integers. Fiona record ids are therefore usually string representations of integer record indexes.

1.5.2 Feature Properties

A feature has a properties attribute. Its value is a mapping. The keys of the properties mapping are the same as the keys of the properties mapping in the schema of the collection the record comes from (see above).

>>> for k, v in feat.properties.items():
...     print(k, v)
...
PERIMETER 1.22107
FEATURE2 None
NAME Mount Naomi Wilderness
FEATURE1 Wilderness
URL http://www.wilderness.net/index.cfm?fuse=NWPS&sec=wildView&wname=Mount%20Naomi
AGBUR FS
AREA 0.0179264
STATE_FIPS 49
WILDRNP020 332
STATE UT

1.5.3 Feature Geometry

A feature has a geometry attribute. Its value is a mapping with type and coordinates keys.

>>> feat.geometry["type"]
'Polygon'
>>> feat.geometry["coordinates"]
[[(-111.73527526855469, 41.995094299316406), ..., (-111.73527526855469, 41.995094299316406)]]

Since the coordinates are just tuples, or lists of tuples, or lists of lists of tuples, the type tells you how to interpret them.

Type

Coordinates

Point

A single (x, y) tuple

LineString

A list of (x, y) tuple vertices

Polygon

A list of rings (each a list of (x, y) tuples)

MultiPoint

A list of points (each a single (x, y) tuple)

MultiLineString

A list of lines (each a list of (x, y) tuples)

MultiPolygon

A list of polygons (see above)

Fiona, like the GeoJSON format, has both Northern Hemisphere “North is up” and Cartesian “X-Y” biases. The values within a tuple that denoted as (x, y) above are either (longitude E of the prime meridian, latitude N of the equator) or, for other projected coordinate systems, (easting, northing).

Long-Lat, not Lat-Long

Even though most of us say “lat, long” out loud, Fiona’s x,y is always easting, northing, which means (long, lat). Longitude first and latitude second, consistent with the GeoJSON format specification.

1.5.4 Point Set Theory and Simple Features

In a proper, well-scrubbed vector data file the geometry mappings explained above are representations of geometric objects made up of point sets. The following

{"type": "LineString", "coordinates": [(0.0, 0.0), (0.0, 1.0)]}

represents not just two points, but the set of infinitely many points along the line of length 1.0 from (0.0, 0.0) to (0.0, 1.0). In the application of point set theory commonly called Simple Features Access [SFA] two geometric objects are equal if their point sets are equal whether they are equal in the Python sense or not. If you have Shapely (which implements Simple Features Access) installed, you can see this in by verifying the following.

>>> from shapely.geometry import shape
>>> l1 = shape(
...     {'type': 'LineString', 'coordinates': [(0, 0), (2, 2)]})
>>> l2 = shape(
...     {'type': 'LineString', 'coordinates': [(0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 2)]})
>>> l1 == l2
False
>>> l1.equals(l2)
True

Dirty data

Some files may contain vectors that are invalid from a simple features standpoint due to accident (inadequate quality control on the producer’s end), intention (“dirty” vectors saved to a file for special treatment) or discrepancies of the numeric precision models (Fiona can’t handle fixed precision models yet). Fiona doesn’t sniff for or attempt to clean dirty data, so make sure you’re getting yours from a clean source.

1.6 Writing Vector Data

A vector file can be opened for writing in mode 'a' (append) or mode 'w' (write).

Note

The in situ “update” mode of OGR is quite format dependent and is therefore not supported by Fiona.

1.6.1 Appending Data to Existing Files

Let’s start with the simplest if not most common use case, adding new records to an existing file.

$ wget https://github.com/Toblerity/Fiona/files/11151652/coutwildrnp.zip
$ unzip coutwildrnp.zip

The coordinate reference system. format, and schema of the file are already defined, so it’s opened with just two arguments as for reading, but in 'a' mode. The new record is written to the end of the file using the write() method. Accordingly, the length of the file grows from 67 to 68.

>>> with fiona.open("coutwildrnp.shp", "a") as dst:
...     print(len(dst))
...     with fiona.open("zip+https://github.com/Toblerity/Fiona/files/11151652/coutwildrnp.zip") as src:
...         feat = src[0]
...         print(feat.id, feat.properties["NAME"])
...         dst.write(feat)
...     print(len(c))
...
67
('0', 'Mount Naomi Wilderness')
68

The feature you write must match the file’s schema (because a file contains one type of record, remember). You’ll get a ValueError if it doesn’t.

>>> with fiona.open("coutwildrnp.shp", "a") as dst:
...     dst.write({'properties': {'foo': 'bar'}})
...
Traceback (most recent call last):
  ...
ValueError: Record data not match collection schema

Now, what about record ids? The id of a record written to a file is ignored and replaced by the next value appropriate for the file. If you read the file just appended to above,

>>> with fiona.open("coutwildrnp.shp") as colxn:
...     feat = colxn[-1]
...
>>> feat.id
'67'
>>> feat.properties["NAME"]
'Mount Naomi Wilderness'

You’ll see that the id of '0' which the record had when written is replaced by '67'.

The write() method writes a single record to the collection’s file. Its sibling writerecords() writes a sequence (or iterator) of records.

>>> with fiona.open("coutwildrnp.shp", "a") as colxn:
...     colxn.writerecords([feat, feat, feat])
...     print(len(colxn))
...
71

Duplication

Fiona’s collections do not guard against duplication. The code above will write 3 duplicate records to the file, and they will be given unique sequential ids.

Transactions

Fiona uses transactions during write operations to ensure data integrity. writerecords() will start and commit one transaction. If there are lots of records, intermediate commits will be performed at reasonable intervals.

Depending on the driver, a transaction can be a very costly operation. Since write() is just a thin convenience wrapper that calls writerecords() with a single record, you may experience significant performance issue if you write lots of features one by one using this method. Consider preparing your data first and then writing it in a single call to writerecords().

Buffering

Fiona’s output is buffered. The records passed to write() and writerecords() are flushed to disk when the collection is closed. You may also call flush() periodically to write the buffer contents to disk.

Format requirements

Format drivers may have specific requirements about what they store. For example, the Shapefile driver may “fix” topologically invalid features.

1.6.2 Creating files of the same structure

Writing a new file is more complex than appending to an existing file because the file CRS, format, and schema have not yet been defined and must be done so by the programmer. Still, it’s not very complicated. A schema is just a mapping, as described above. The possible formats are enumerated in the fiona.supported_drivers dictionary.

Review the parameters of our demo file.

>>> with fiona.open(
...     "zip+https://github.com/Toblerity/Fiona/files/11151652/coutwildrnp.zip"
) as src:
...     driver = src.driver
...     crs = src.crs
...     schema = src.schema
...     feat = src[1]
...
>>> driver
'ESRI Shapefile'
>>> crs
CRS.from_epsg(4326)
>>> pprint.pprint(schema)
{'geometry': 'Polygon',
 'properties': {'AGBUR': 'str:80',
                'AREA': 'float:24.15',
                'FEATURE1': 'str:80',
                'FEATURE2': 'str:80',
                'NAME': 'str:80',
                'PERIMETER': 'float:24.15',
                'STATE': 'str:80',
                'STATE_FIPS': 'str:80',
                'URL': 'str:101',
                'WILDRNP020': 'int:10'}}

We can create a new file using them.

>>> with fiona.open("example.shp", "w", driver=driver, crs=crs, schema=schema) as dst:
...     print(len(dst))
...     dst.write(feat)
...     print(len(dst))
...
0
1
>>> dst.closed
True
>>> len(dst)
1

Because the properties of the source schema are ordered and are passed in the same order to the write-mode collection, the written file’s fields have the same order as those of the source file.

The profile attribute makes duplication of a file’s meta properties even easier.

>>> src = fiona.open("zip+https://github.com/Toblerity/Fiona/files/11151652/coutwildrnp.zip")
>>> dst = fiona.open("example.shp", "w", **src.profile)

1.6.3 Writing new files from scratch

To write a new file from scratch we have to define our own specific driver, crs and schema.

To ensure the order of the attribute fields is predictable, in both the schema and the actual manifestation as feature attributes, we will use ordered dictionaries.


Consider the following record, structured in accordance to the Python geo protocol, representing the Eiffel Tower using a point geometry with UTM coordinates in zone 31N.

>>> eiffel_tower =  {
...   'geometry': {
...     'type': 'Point',
...     'coordinates': (448252, 5411935)
...   },
...   'properties': dict([
...     ('name', 'Eiffel Tower'),
...     ('height', 300.01),
...     ('view', 'scenic'),
...     ('year', 1889)
...   ])
... }

A corresponding scheme could be:

>>> landmarks_schema = {
...   'geometry': 'Point',
...   'properties': dict([
...     ('name', 'str'),
...     ('height', 'float'),
...     ('view', 'str'),
...     ('year', 'int')
...   ])
... }

The coordinate reference system of these landmark coordinates is ETRS89 / UTM zone 31N which is referenced in the EPSG database as EPSG:25831.

>>> from fiona.crs import CRS
>>> landmarks_crs = CRS.from_epsg(25831)

An appropriate driver could be:

>>> driver = "GeoJSON"

Having specified schema, crs and driver, we are ready to open a file for writing our record:

>>> with fiona.open(
...     "landmarks.geojson",
...     "w",
...     driver="GeoJSON",
...     crs=CRS.from_epsg(25831),
...     schema=landmarks_schema
... ) as colxn:
...     colxn.write(eiffel_tower)
...

1.6.3.1 Ordering Record Fields

Beginning with Fiona 1.0.1, the ‘properties’ item of fiona.open()’s ‘schema’ keyword argument may be an ordered dict or a list of (key, value) pairs, specifying an ordering that carries into written files. If an ordinary dict is given, the ordering is determined by the output of that dict’s items() method.

1.6.4 3D Coordinates and Geometry Types

If you write 3D coordinates, ones having (x, y, z) tuples, to a 2D file (‘Point’ schema geometry, for example) the z values will be lost.

>>> feat = {"geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": (-1, 1, 5)}}
>>> with fiona.open(
...     "example.shp",
...     "w",
...     driver="Shapefile",
...     schema={"geometry": "Point", "properties": {}}
... ) as dst:
...     dst.write(feat)
...
>>> with fiona.open("example.shp") as src:
...     print(src[0].geometry.coordinates)
...
(-1.0, 1.0)

If you write 2D coordinates, ones having only (x, y) tuples, to a 3D file (‘3D Point’ schema geometry, for example) a default z value of 0 will be provided.

>>> feat = {"geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": (-1, 1)}}
>>> with fiona.open(
...     "example.shp",
...     "w",
...     driver="Shapefile",
...     schema={"geometry": "3D Point", "properties": {}}
... ) as dst:
...     dst.write(feat)
...
>>> with fiona.open("example.shp") as src:
...     print(src[0].geometry.coordinates)
...
(-1.0, 1.0, 0.0)

1.7 Advanced Topics

1.7.1 OGR configuration options

GDAL/OGR has a large number of features that are controlled by global or thread-local configuration options. Fiona allows you to configure these options using a context manager, fiona.Env. This class’s constructor takes GDAL/OGR configuration options as keyword arguments. To see debugging information from GDAL/OGR, for example, you may do the following.

import logging
import fiona

logging.basicConfig(level=logging.DEBUG)

with fiona.Env(CPL_DEBUG=True):
    fiona.open(
        "zip+https://github.com/Toblerity/Fiona/files/11151652/coutwildrnp.zip"
    )

The following extra messages will appear in the Python logger’s output.

DEBUG:fiona._env:CPLE_None in GNM: GNMRegisterAllInternal
DEBUG:fiona._env:CPLE_None in GNM: RegisterGNMFile
DEBUG:fiona._env:CPLE_None in GNM: RegisterGNMdatabase
DEBUG:fiona._env:CPLE_None in GNM: GNMRegisterAllInternal
DEBUG:fiona._env:CPLE_None in GNM: RegisterGNMFile
DEBUG:fiona._env:CPLE_None in GNM: RegisterGNMdatabase
DEBUG:fiona._env:CPLE_None in GDAL: GDALOpen(tests/data/coutwildrnp.shp, this=0x1683930) succeeds as ESRI Shapefile.

If you call fiona.open() with no surrounding Env environment, one will be created for you.

When your program exits the environment’s with block the configuration reverts to its previous state.

1.7.2 Driver configuration options

Drivers can have dataset open, dataset creation, respectively layer creation options. These options can be found on the drivers page on GDAL’s homepage. or using the fiona.meta module:

>>> import fiona.meta
>>> fiona.meta.print_driver_options("GeoJSON")

These options can be passed to fiona.open:

import fiona
fiona.open('tests/data/coutwildrnp.json', ARRAY_AS_STRING="YES")

1.7.3 Cloud storage credentials

One of the most important uses of fiona.Env is to set credentials for accessing data stored in AWS S3 or another cloud storage system.

import fiona
from fiona.session import AWSSession

with fiona.Env(
    session=AWSSession(
        aws_access_key_id="key",
        aws_secret_access_key="secret"
    )
):
    fiona.open("zip+s3://example-bucket/example.zip")

The AWSSession class is currently the only credential session manager in Fiona. The source code has an example of how classes for other cloud storage providers may be implemented. AWSSession relies upon boto3 and botocore, which will be installed as extra dependencies of Fiona if you run pip install fiona[s3].

If you call fiona.open() with no surrounding Env and pass a path to an S3 object, a session will be created for you using code equivalent to the following code.

import boto3

from fiona.session import AWSSession
import fiona

with fiona.Env(session=AWSSession(boto3.Session())):
    fiona.open("zip+s3://fiona-testing/coutwildrnp.zip")

1.7.4 Slicing and masking iterators

With some vector data formats a spatial index accompanies the data file, allowing efficient bounding box searches. A collection’s items() method returns an iterator over pairs of FIDs and records that intersect a given (minx, miny, maxx, maxy) bounding box or geometry object. Spatial filtering may be inaccurate and returning all features overlapping the envelope of the geometry. The collection’s own coordinate reference system (see below) is used to interpret the box’s values. If you want a list of the iterator’s items, pass it to Python’s builtin list() as shown below.

>>> colxn = fiona.open(
...     "zip+https://github.com/Toblerity/Fiona/files/11151652/coutwildrnp.zip"
... )
>>> hits = list(colxn.items(bbox=(-110.0, 36.0, -108.0, 38.0)))
>>> len(hits)
5

The iterator method takes the same stop or start, stop[, step] slicing arguments as itertools.islice(). To get just the first two items from that iterator, pass a stop index.

>>> hits = colxn.items(2, bbox=(-110.0, 36.0, -108.0, 38.0)))
>>> len(list(hits))
2

To get the third through fifth items from that iterator, pass start and stop indexes.

>>> hits = colxn.items(2, 5, bbox=(-110.0, 36.0, -108.0, 38.0)))
>>> len(list(hits))
3

To filter features by property values, use Python’s builtin filter() and lambda or your own filter function that takes a single feature record and returns True or False.

>>> def pass_positive_area(rec):
...     return rec['properties'].get('AREA', 0.0) > 0.0
...
>>> colxn = fiona.open(
...     "zip+https://github.com/Toblerity/Fiona/files/11151652/coutwildrnp.zip"
... )
>>> hits = filter(pass_positive_area, colxn)
>>> len(list(hits))
67

1.7.5 Reading Multilayer data

Up to this point, only simple datasets with one thematic layer or feature type per file have been shown and the venerable Esri Shapefile has been the primary example. Other GIS data formats can encode multiple layers or feature types within a single file or directory. GeoPackage is one example of such a format. A more useful example, for the purpose of this manual, is a directory or zipfile comprising multiple shapefiles. The GitHub-hosted zipfile we’ve been using in these examples is, in fact, such a multilayer dataset.

The layers of a dataset can be listed using fiona.listlayers(). In the shapefile format case, layer names match base names of the files.

>>> fiona.listlayers(
...     "zip+https://github.com/Toblerity/Fiona/files/11151652/coutwildrnp.zip"
... )
['coutwildrnp']

Unlike OGR, Fiona has no classes representing layers or data sources. To access the features of a layer, open a collection using the path to the data source and specify the layer by name using the layer keyword.

dataset_path = "zip+https://github.com/Toblerity/Fiona/files/11151652/coutwildrnp.zip"
>>> for name in fiona.listlayers(dataset_path):
...     with fiona.open(dataset_path, layer=name) as colxn:
...         pprint.pprint(colxn.schema)
...
{'geometry': 'Polygon',
 'properties': {'AGBUR': 'str:80',
                'AREA': 'float:24.15',
                'FEATURE1': 'str:80',
                'FEATURE2': 'str:80',
                'NAME': 'str:80',
                'PERIMETER': 'float:24.15',
                'STATE': 'str:80',
                'STATE_FIPS': 'str:80',
                'URL': 'str:101',
                'WILDRNP020': 'int:10'}}

Layers may also be specified by their numerical index.

>>> for index, name in enumerate(fiona.listlayers(dataset_path)):
...     with fiona.open(dataset_path, layer=index) as colxn:
...         print(len(colxn))
...
67

If no layer is specified, fiona.open() returns an open collection using the first layer.

>>> with fiona.open(dataset_path) as colxn:
...     colxn.name == fiona.listlayers(datasset_path)[0]
...
True

We’ve been relying on this implicit behavior throughout the manual.

The most general way to open a shapefile for reading, using all of the parameters of fiona.open(), is to treat it as a data source with a named layer.

>>> fiona.open(
...     "zip+https://github.com/Toblerity/Fiona/files/11151652/coutwildrnp.zip",
...     mode="r",
...     layer="coutwildrnp"
... )

In practice, it is fine to rely on the implicit first layer and default 'r' mode and open a shapefile like this:

>>> fiona.open(
...     "zip+https://github.com/Toblerity/Fiona/files/11151652/coutwildrnp.zip",
... )

1.7.6 Writing Multilayer data

To write an entirely new layer to a multilayer data source, simply provide a unique name to the layer keyword argument.

>>> with fiona.open(
...     "zip+https://github.com/Toblerity/Fiona/files/11151652/coutwildrnp.zip",
... ) as src:
...     with fiona.open("example.gpkg", "w", layer="example one", **src.profile) as dst:
...         dst.writerecords(src)
...
>>> fiona.listlayers("example.gpkg")
['example one']

In 'w' mode, existing layers will be overwritten if specified, just as normal files are overwritten by Python’s open() function.

1.7.7 Unsupported drivers

Fiona maintains a list of OGR drivers in fiona.supported_drivers that are tested and known to work together with Fiona. Opening a dataset using an unsupported driver or access mode results in an :py:attr: DriverError exception. By passing allow_unsupported_drivers=True to fiona.open no compatibility checks are performed and unsupported OGR drivers can be used. However, there are no guarantees that Fiona will be able to access or write data correctly using an unsupported driver.

import fiona

with fiona.open("file.kmz", allow_unsupported_drivers=True) as collection:
  ...

Not all OGR drivers are necessarily enabled in every GDAL distribution. The following code snippet lists the drivers included in the GDAL installation used by Fiona:

from fiona.env import Env

with Env() as gdalenv:
    print(gdalenv.drivers().keys())

1.7.8 MemoryFile and ZipMemoryFile

fiona.io.MemoryFile and fiona.io.ZipMemoryFile allow formatted feature collections, even zipped feature collections, to be read or written in memory, with no filesystem access required. For example, you may have a zipped shapefile in a stream of bytes coming from a web upload or download.

>>> data = open('tests/data/coutwildrnp.zip', 'rb').read()
>>> len(data)
154006
>>> data[:20]
b'PK\x03\x04\x14\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\xaa~VM\xech\xae\x1e\xec\xab'

The feature collection in this stream of bytes can be accessed by wrapping it in an instance of ZipMemoryFile.

>>> from fiona.io import ZipMemoryFile
>>> with ZipMemoryFile(data) as zip:
...     with zip.open('coutwildrnp.shp') as collection:
...         print(len(collection))
...         print(collection.schema)
...
67
{'properties': OrderedDict([('PERIMETER', 'float:24.15'), ('FEATURE2', 'str:80'), ('NAME', 'str:80'), ('FEATURE1', 'str:80'), ('URL', 'str:101'), ('AGBUR', 'str:80'), ('AREA', 'float:24.15'), ('STATE_FIPS', 'str:80'), ('WILDRNP020', 'int:10'), ('STATE', 'str:80')]), 'geometry': 'Polygon'}

New in 1.8.0

1.8 Fiona command line interface

Fiona comes with a command line interface called “fio”. See the CLI Documentation for detailed usage instructions.

1.9 Final Notes

This manual is a work in progress and will grow and improve with Fiona. Questions and suggestions are very welcome. Please feel free to use the issue tracker or email the author directly.

Do see the README for installation instructions and information about supported versions of Python and other software dependencies.

Fiona would not be possible without the contributions of other developers, especially Frank Warmerdam and Even Rouault, the developers of GDAL/OGR; and Mike Weisman, who saved Fiona from neglect and obscurity.

1.10 References